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Nov 23, 2024
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Feb 1, 2025
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Abstract
The normal birth process is determined by 3 main factors, namely maternal power, pelvic size and fetus. Normal delivery is vaginal delivery with a fetus in occiput posterior presentation that proceeds naturally without the help of tools. If there is no occiput posterior presentation, there is a possibility that labor will be obstructed even though the shape and extension of the baby are within normal limits. Thus, a careful examination must be carried out to determine the position of the head in the pelvic cavity. Here we will explain several head positions that often cause dystocia.
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How to Cite
-, D. dr. I. K. E. S. S. (2025). Cephalic Distocia. Surabaya Biomedical Journal, 4(2), 109-119. Retrieved from https://sub-biomed.org/index.php/sbj/article/view/149
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3. Cunningham, F. G. et al. William’s Obstetric. in Williams Obstetrics, 26e (McGraw Hill, 2022).
4. Eickmeyer, S. M. Anatomy and Physiology of the Pelvic Floor. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. 28, 455–460 (2017).
5. Louis, L. S. & Warren, R. Pelvic and fetal cranial anatomy and mechanism of labour. in Best Practice in Labour and Delivery (eds. Warren, R. & Arulkumaran, S.) 1–13 (Cambridge University Press, 2009). doi:DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511635489.002.
6. Parente, M. P. L., Jorge, R. M. N., Mascarenhas, T., Fernandes, A. A. & Martins, J. A. C. The influence of an occipito-posterior malposition on the biomechanical behavior of the pelvic floor. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 144, S166–S169 (2009).
7. Caughey, A. B., Sharshiner, R. & Cheng, Y. W. Fetal malposition: impact and management. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 58, 241–245 (2015).
8. Pilliod, R. A. & Caughey, A. B. Fetal Malpresentation and Malposition: Diagnosis and Management. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 44, 631–643 (2017).
9. Sinha, S., Talaulikar, V. S. & Arulkumaran, S. Malpositions and malpresentations of the fetal head. Obstet. Gynaecol. Reprod. Med. 28, 83–91 (2018).
10. Ridley, R. T. Diagnosis and Intervention for Occiput Posterior Malposition. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 36, 135–143 (2007).
11. Cheng, Y. W., Shaffer, B. L. & Caughey, A. B. The association between persistent occiput posterior position and neonatal outcomes. Obstet. Gynecol. 107, 837–844 (2006).
12. Bellussi, F. et al. The use of intrapartum ultrasound to diagnose malpositions and cephalic malpresentations. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 217, 633–641 (2017).
13. Malvasi, A. et al. Asynclitism: a literature review of an often forgotten clinical condition. J. Matern. Neonatal Med. 28, 1890–1894 (2015).
14. Ghi, T., Bellussi, F. & Pilu, G. Sonographic diagnosis of lateral asynclitism: a new subtype of fetal head malposition as a main determinant of early labor arrest. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 45, 229–231 (2015).
15. Akmal, S. & Paterson–Brown, S. Malpositions and malpresentations of the foetal head. Obstet. Gynaecol. Reprod. Med. 19, 240–246 (2009).
16. WHO. Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A guide for midwives and doctors. (2017).
17. Benavides, L., Wu, J. M., Hundley, A. F., Ivester, T. S. & Visco, A. G. The impact of occiput posterior fetal head position on the risk of anal sphincter injury in forceps-assisted vaginal deliveries. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 192, 1702–1706 (2005).
18. Cheng, Y. W., Hubbard, A., Caughey, A. B. & Tager, I. B. The association between persistent fetal occiput posterior position and perinatal outcomes: an example of propensity score and covariate distance matching. Am. J. Epidemiol. 171, 656–663 (2010).
19. Sizer, A. & Nirmal, D. M. Occipitoposterior Position: Associated Factors and Obstetric Outcome in Nulliparas. Obstet. \& Gynecol. 96, 749–752 (2000).
20. Yancey, M. K., Zhang, J., Schweitzer, D. L., Schwarz, J. & Klebanoff, M. A. Epidural analgesia and fetal head malposition at vaginal delivery11The opinions and assertions contained herein are the expressed views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the opinions of the Department of Defense or the D. Obstet. Gynecol. 97, 608–612 (2001).
21. Talaulikar, V. S. & Arulkumaran, S. Malpositions and malpresentations of the fetal head. Obstet. Gynaecol. Reprod. Med. 22, 155–161 (2012).
22. Wasson, C., Kelly, A., Ninan, D. & Tran, Q. Dystocia, Malposition, and Malpresentation (Breech, Transverse Lie) BT - Absolute Obstetric Anesthesia Review: The Complete Study Guide for Certification and Recertification. in (eds. Wasson, C., Kelly, A., Ninan, D. & Tran, Q.) 161–162 (Springer International Publishing, 2019). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96980-0_53.
23. Gaur, L., Talemal, L., Bulas, D. & Donofrio, M. T. Utility of fetal magnetic resonance imaging in assessing the fetus with cardiac malposition. Prenat. Diagn. 36, 752–759 (2016).
24. Gimovsky, A. C. Intrapartum ultrasound for the diagnosis of cephalic malpositions and malpresentations. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM 3, 100438 (2021).
25. Gustapane, S., Malvasi, A. & Tinelli, A. The use of intrapartum ultrasound to diagnose malpositions and cephalic malpresentations. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 218, 540–541 (2018).
26. Malvasi, A. et al. Semeiotics of Intrapartum Ultrasonography: New Diagnostic Sonographic Sign of Fetal Malpositions and Malrotations BT - Intrapartum Ultrasonography for Labor Management: Labor, Delivery and Puerperium. in (ed. Malvasi, A.) 251–273 (Springer International Publishing, 2021). doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57595-3_22.
27. Sanjeewa Pandumadasa and Melik Goonewardene. Obstetric Emenrgencies. A Practocal Manual. First Edition (2021).